Esquizofrenia infantil como autoproteção psíquica - concepção da psicologia analítica / Childhood schizophrenia as subjective psychic protection - conception of analytical psychology / Esquizofrenia infantil como autoprotección psíquica - concepción de la Psicología analítica

A esquizofrenia infantil é considerada um processo psicopatológico de incidência rara cujas repercussões tendem a culminar em comprometimentos no desenvolvimento de funções simbólicas psíquicas, embora haja a preservação da cognição e dos afetos. Na psicologia analítica, o sintoma é compreendido como organizador e, muitas vezes, compensador de situações psíquicas em prol de sua preservação em relação a uma situação experienciada como ameaçadora. Nessa direção, o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em compreender, a partir da psicologia analítica, o sentido da emergência da esquizofrenia na infância, abordando o papel dos afetos e a dinâmica psíquica. O método adotado foi o da revisão de literatura narrativa e a análise conceitual da noção de esquizofrenia infantil. Concluiu-se que, na esquizofrenia infantil, a cisão psíquica surge como uma forma de autoproteção a partir de situações que se configuram como traumáticas, visando a preservação do núcleo essencial da personalidade.

Childhood schizophrenia is considered a psychopathological process of rare incidence whose repercussions tend to culminate in impairments in the development of psychic symbolic functions, although cognition and affects are preserved. In analytical psychology, the symptom is understood as organizing and often compensating for psychic situations in favor of its preservation in relation to a situation experienced as threatening. In this direction, the objective of this work was to understand, from analytical psychology, the sense of the emergence of schizophrenia in childhood, addressing the role of affects and psychic dynamics. The method adopted was the narrative literature review and the conceptual analysis of the notion of childhood schizophrenia. It was concluded that, in childhood schizophrenia, the psychic split emerges as a form of self-protection from situations that are configured as traumatic in order to preserve the essential core of the personality.

La esquizofrenia infantil se considera un proceso psicopatológico de incidencia rara cuyas repercusiones tienden a culminar en impedimentos en el desarrollo de funciones psíquicas simbólicas, aunque se conservan la cognición y los afectos. En Psicología analítica, el síntoma se entiende como organizador y, a menudo, compensador de situaciones psíquicas a favor de su preservación en relación con una situación experimentada como amenazante. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender, desde la psicología analítica, el significado del surgimiento de la esquizofrenia en la infancia, abordando el papel de los afectos y la dinámica psíquica. El método adoptado fue la revisión de la literatura narrativa y el análisis conceptual de la noción de esquizofrenia infantil. Se concluyó que, en la esquizofrenia infantil, la división psíquica surge como una forma de autoprotección frente a situaciones configuradas como traumáticas para preservar el núcleo esencial de la personalidad.

Advances of event-related potentials in the early recognition of childhood schizophrenia / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Schizophrenia is a common severe mental illness with unknown etiology, 1/7-1/3 of which onset in children and adolescents. The treatment of childhood schizophrenia is more difficult,and the prognosis is even worse,so the early identification and timely intervention has great significance. Event-relat-ed potentials ( ERPs) are bioelectrical activities that occur in the brain during external or internal stimuli. They reflect the electrophysiological changes in the brain during cognitive activity. In recent years,scholars at home and abroad have tried to find biomarkers of early identification of childhood schizophrenia through ERPs. The main contents include:error related negativity (ERN),mismatched negativity (MMN),N100, P300 and so on.It was found that children and adolescents with schizophrenia prodromal symptoms and high-risk children and adolescents have decreased ERN,MMN,N100,P300 amplitudes,and prolonged P300 laten-cy. However,some of these results are still lack of consistency and need further research. And combined with brain imaging and molecular biology for clinical validation,it will be more helpful to the early identification of childhood schizophrenia.

Parenting in Children and Adolescents with Psychosis.

Need and Purpose of review: Psychotic symptoms appear in children and adolescents in the most crucial years, during the individual’s career development. The challenges faced by parents of psychotic children are in dealing with their disruptive behaviours, negative symptoms, cognitive deficits, delusions and hallucinations. This paper presents an overview of the childhood psychosis and how parenting can be done effectively for this population. Methods: Articles were retrieved from the Medline, Cochrane database, Google Scholar, Medscape; using the search terms ‘parenting and childhood psychosis’, and ‘childhood psychoses; and standard textbooks were consulted. Main conclusions: Educating parents how to recognize early symptoms, explaining treatment adherence, side effects of medications along with non-pharmacological measures like dealing with expressed emotions, lowering expectations, enhancing social supports, healthy lifestyle, and making patients independent. Awareness, early identification and effective parenting for psychosis may help bridge the wide gap between scarce skilled mental health professionals, inefficient resources and large paediatric population.

Executive Dysfunction among Children with Antipsychotic Treated Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the executive function among adolescents with antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia in Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study with control group. Case was defined as adolescents with antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia without any mental retardation or other physical illnesses (n=45). The control group consisted of healthy and age-matched adolescents (n=135). Executive function is determined by using Indonesian version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-Indonesian version). We used SPSS 16.0 program for windows to calculate the prevalence risk ratio (PRR) and set up the p value <0.05. RESULTS: Mean of age was 16.27 (standard deviation 1.86) year-old. Most of the case group (95%) has been treated with atypical antipsychotic such as risperidone, aripipripazole, olanzapine, and clozapine. Duration of having antipsychotic medication was ranged from one to 36 months. Adolescents with antipsychotic treated-schizophrenia had higher BRIEF T-score, except for inhibit scale, shift scale and behavior regulation index. The prevalence risk ratio on several clinical scales were higher in children with antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia compared to control group, such as on emotional state (PRR=7.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.38-23.15), initiate scale (PRR=6.32, 95% CI=2.51-15.95), monitor scale (PRR=8.11, 95% CI=2.0-32.86), and behavior regulation index (PRR=4.09, 95% CI=1.05-15.98). CONCLUSION: In general, the results showed that adolescents with atypical antipsychotic treated-schizophrenia had higher BRIEF T-score compared, and comparable with their normal group control.